Onsite Bullying Vs. Cyberbullying Research Paper

On location Bullying Vs. Cyberbullying - Research Paper Example In such manner, process including such rough or exploitative acts that cause mischief or humiliation to other individual is alluded as tormenting (Macfarlane and McPherson, pp.10-15). It has been a perception that sex, religion, social foundation, physical appearance, and culture are a portion of the normal angles that become the explanation of harassing for resilient people bringing about utilization of verbal and non-verbal weights by such people. Harassing is certainly not a basic marvel, as it exists in various kinds and structures that make it simpler to deal with and forestall. The absolute most regular sorts and types of harassing are physical tormenting, verbal tormenting, nearby tormenting, and digital harassing. For example, any tormenting that outcomes in a physical issue or damage is considered as physical tormenting, while, any demonstration of harassing that includes going of verbal remarks that cause humiliation and additionally provocation goes under verbal harassing. This structure ordinarily includes remarks identified with physical appearances, shading, doctrine, or race of an individual, just as financial status of the people. Albeit harassing happens in practically all the social settings where people associate with each other, nonetheless, schools are the most widely recognized spots where tormenting happens in the entirety of its structures, and in this way, understudies are the least demanding preys that become the objectives for menaces in the schools while different understudies observer the occurrences as onlookers (McGraw, pp. 9-12). Especially, this paper will remember conversation for two kinds of tormenting that are nearby harassing and digital harassing. Conversation Analysis of studies has distinguished tormenting as an extremely annihilating issue that influences a huge number of understudies each year all inclusive. For example, in the year 2009, tormenting influenced roughly 600,000 understudies in various pieces of the world , and â€Å"American schools alone have around 2.1 million domineering jerks and 2.7 million understudies, who are their victims† (Rooney, pp. 171). As per Mattern (pg. 165), 56% of understudies in schools concede that they have watched somebody tormenting a person in their schools. Additionally, examines have shown that tormenting has become so regular that in at regular intervals, a youngster experiences the demonstrations of harassing at rudimentary level that outcomes in unfavorable consequences for his/her life (Lines, pp. 19-20). Tragically, these insights incorporate just those kids and additionally understudies that report the demonstrations of tormenting to their folks, kin, or school the executives, and instructors accept that an enormous number is as yet missing due to non-announcing of harassing in schools (McGraw, pp. 39-43). Every one of these insights incorporate all types of tormenting; be that as it may, nearby harassing rules in these reports. Especially, â €Å"on-site harassing for the most part occurs in homerooms, foyers, play area, washrooms, and school transports. The domineering jerks start with verbal provocation, for example, prodding before they get physical with their objective, and companion misuse is another term given to tormenting when it happens in school† (Sanders and Phye, pp. 159-161). Then again, the other structure is digital tormenting, which has gotten basic after extension and presentation of web at each home, and particularly after contribution of youngsters in long range interpersonal communication sites, for example, Facebook that permits anybody

Political Effects Of The Renaissance Essays - Medieval Philosophy

Political Effects Of The Renaissance Essays - Medieval Philosophy Political Effects of the Renaissance History has given us how developments advance after some time. Comprehensively deciphered, the period of Diocletian denoted a conclusive stage in the change from the old style, the Greco-Roman, human advancement of the antiquated Roman Empire to the Christian-Germanic progress of the early Middle Ages. Thus deciphered, the age of the Renaissance denoted the change from the progress of the Middle Ages to the current world(Ferguson 1). Along these lines, the Renaissance is the start of the advanced world and current government. In law the propensity was to challenge the theoretical argumentative strategy for the medieval law specialists with a philological and chronicled translation of the wellsprings of Roman Law. With respect to political idea, the medieval suggestion that the safeguarding of freedom, law, and equity comprises the focal point of political life was tested be that as it may, not ousted by Renaissance scholars. They fought that the focal assignment of government was to keep up security and harmony. Machiavelli kept up that the innovative power (virtj) of the ruler was the way in to the safeguarding of the two his own position and the prosperity of his subjects, a thought consonant with contemporary governmental issues. Italian city-states were changed during the Renaissance from cooperatives to regional states, every one of which looked to grow at the cost of the others. Regional unification likewise occurred in Spain, France, and England. The procedure was supported by present day strategy, which had its spot close to the new fighting when the Italian city-states set up inhabitant consulates at outside courts. By the sixteenth century, the foundation of perpetual consulates spread northward to France, England, and the Holy Roman Empire. Renaissance churchmen, especially in the higher echelons, designed their conduct after the mores and morals of lay society. The exercises of popes, cardinals, and religious administrators were barely discernable from those of common shippers and political figures. Simultaneously, Christianity stayed a crucial and fundamental component of Renaissance culture. Evangelists, for example, San Bernardino of Siena, what's more, scholars and prelates, for example, Sant'Antonino of Florence, pulled in huge crowds and were venerated. Also, numerous humanists were worried about philosophical inquiries and applied the new philological and recorded grant to the investigation and translation of the early church fathers. The humanist way to deal with philosophy and sacred text might be followed from the Italian researcher Petrarch to the Dutch researcher Desiderius Erasmus; it had a ground-breaking effect on Roman Catholics and Proteezts. Some medievalists battle that the expanded expert articulation and dull neoclassicism of much humanist composing subvert the case that the Renaissance was a defining moment in Western human progress. In spite of the fact that these disputes are substantial somewhat, the Renaissance obviously was a period in which long-ezding convictions were tried; it was a period of scholarly mature, setting up the ground for the masterminds and researchers of the seventeenth century, who were definitely more unique than the Renaissance humanists. The Renaissance thought that mankind rules nature is much the same as Sir Francis Bacon's idea of human predominance over nature's components, which started the improvement of present day science furthermore, innovation. Medieval thoughts of republicanism and freedom, protected and shielded with old style points of reference by Renaissance scholars, indelibly affected the course of English protected hypothesis and may have been a hotspot for the origination of government upheld by the Founding Fathers of American constitutionalism. Most importantly, in any case, the age of the Renaissance denoted a conclusive stage in the progress from Middle Ages to the present day world(Ferguson 1). - Morgan, Michael. Works of art of Moral and Political Theory. Indianapolisis: Hacket Publishing Company, 1992. 417-419. Ferguson, Wallace. The Renaisance. New York: Harper and Row Publishing Inc., 1963. 1-29

Enlightenment Essay Topics

Enlightenment Essay TopicsEnlightened students always enjoy writing an Enlightenment Essay. Essays are a great way to express yourself and also to get your voice heard as you get ready to apply for your Masters in Education Degree or a Ph.D.You will find that the essays you write can relate to whatever topic is most important to you. Here are some of the more popular topics that are used in the question and answer sessions during the exams and this includes:Questions relating to existentialism- Most students are interested in exploring the nature of self, meaning, transcendental experience, or spirituality. Questions are broad, ranging from considering the meaning of life, being aware of oneself, dreaming, religious and spiritual values, experiencing enlightenment, seeking god, and the like.Topics relating to philosophical, psychological, and existential philosophy- Themes related to individual consciousness, the self, one's belief system, the human condition, and various subjects of psychology, biology, and psychiatry. These include the meaning of life, life and death, metaphysics, religion, ethics, doubt, education, logic, philosophy, time, and free will. The answers you give will be based on your interpretation of these topics.Religious- Some students are interested in exploring their faith, finding meaning, discovering divine intervention, or the power of religion to help guide them through their life's path. They will often include questions like, Do you believe that there is a God, Do you have any spiritual values, Would you consider yourself a religious person, Do you want to find a spiritual leader, What kind of religious leaders do you think you should seek out, What is your spirituality, What kind of religious guidance do you seek, Are you a new religious believer, and Do you believe that religion is important to your life?Relationship topics- There are many different types of relationships; these are relationship to family, to friends, to lovers, to colleagues, to bosses, bosses, and to students. In this category, you will also include topics about dating, marriage, the love life, dating and relationships, and the like. You will use many examples from your own life in order to illustrate different scenarios and how people deal with these types of situations.Post-modern topics- Just as with post-modern philosophy, the meaning of life, the self, and consciousness are all part of this category. Students will usually use questions that are similar to questions posed by philosophers, artists, and literary theorists.Most students enjoy writing these essay topics and they enjoy having an opportunity to express themselves. Also, it can be very rewarding as you advance your education to get your Master of Education degree.

Photographic Images Hanging On The Gallery Wall - 1527 Words

Chapter Five Photographic Art Images. There are many books, fine art prints, articles in journals and magazines about architectural photography by some excellent photographers, emphasising architecture’s visual strength, design and conceptual quality, without which there would be no challenges for the photographer to attempt to capture in the first instance. Architectural photography has an immense capacity to stimulate the wonder of the man-made world in a virtuoso manner. The intrinsic worth of a successful work of decorative art photography is that it can open up new perceptions. Through photography buildings exude a visual charge and imaginative possibilities beyond their everyday functions, giving the viewer an interesting and engaging ocular experience, and a visual understanding of the world. The picture hanging on the gallery wall leaves itself wide open to scrutiny, criticism or study but ultimately invites, with visual intrigue the aesthetic pleasure and satisfaction, which the viewer derives from sensory involvement of the image before them. Fig. 71; Picture of a Las Vegas detail on display in Moscow. 2005. Photo;  © J. Lowe Such decorative architectural images draw our attention to the way we view the world of buildings and underline the fact that most people usually only use a building for work and leisure without really understanding that sometimes these structures are a complex art form in their own right. Photographs, in subtle ways attempt to changeShow MoreRelatedShould Photojournalism or Documentary Photography Be Considred Art?2290 Words   |  10 Pagesexcited by images first seen in last week’s newspapers as photojournalism revels in the new status as art â€Å"du jour† or â€Å"reportage art†. First, let us define Photojournalism and Fine Art Photography. According to the Oxford dictionary, photojournalism is the art or practice of communicating news by photographs, especially in magazines. But according to Merriam-Webster, photojournalism’s full definition is journalism in which written copy is subordinate to pictorial usually photographic presentationRead MoreIntertextual Analysis of Works of Art2998 Words   |  12 Pagescanvas done in 2009 hanging in the MW Gallery Aspen. Marcus Jansen fits into the general category of contemporary postmodernism because of the time period in which he paint, the various high and low subject matter he incorporates into his paintings, and his use of appropriation or barrowing. Jansen’s painting ‘Surreal’ appropriates images from Pablo Picasso’s painting ‘Guernica’ done in 1937, which depicts that towns bombing during the Spanish Civil War. By borrowing this image from Pablo, JansenRead Mor eExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesagainst the use of drugs in youth venues. Thus the Ministry of Sound led in the transformation of club culture from an underground movement associated with ‘acid house’ into a mainstream youth market activity. An illuminated sign on Palumbo’s ofï ¬ ce wall read: We are building a global entertainment business based on a strong aspirational brand respected for its creativity and its quality. The Ministry of Sound team will be more professional, hard-working and innovative than any other on the planet

Physics Laws, Concepts, and Principles

American Psycho Does Insanity Negate Responsibility

Alex Cohen, Garrett Auer, Victoria Meyer, and Emily Sherman Mrs. Haag AP Seminar 26 January 2015 American Psycho: Does Insanity Negate Responsibility? Insanity has made a particularly notable transition into the public eye over the past century. In America, this shift into visibility was marked mostly by Ted Bundy, Ed Gein, John Hinckley, Jr., and - most recently - James Holmes. Before -- and even while -- these individuals provided for nationwide, landmark exposure and attention to crimes committed by the mentally ill, certain precedents set by the Supreme Court further shaped how Americans viewed the culpability of these individuals. M’Naghten (1843) set the precedent for exculpation through ignorance of consequences, and Clark (2005) furthered this precedent by establishing a rigid introduction process for evidence. These decisions and further litigation to the courts set social precedents and norms that, in return, drove cyclical reinforcement of these principles and hinders dissent from established rules in adjudication. Therein lies a bind: while the philosophy on the issue may promote one approach to an issue, reinfor ced stereotypes and past decisions will reflect different priorities in the masses. In exploring the constituent lenses of philosophy, society, legality, and biology, one can holistically view the issue and see that biological dysfunction that hinders thought processes ideally exculpates an individual, but that the current precedents and views of moral

Natural and Social Science Interactions

Question: Discuss about the Natural and Social Science Interactions. Answer: According to Mooney, Duraiappah, and Larigauderie (2013), although the existence of poor integration of social and natural science is seen during 1980s, there has been several types of the positive moves observed in the recent times related to the global change programs. The major incorporations related to the global change was seen in terms of the launch of US Global change research program. This has provided several pathways and guideline to address the different types of the issues relating to the activities affecting the process, which are required to understand the overall role of social science is in understanding the nature, drivers and consequences of environmental change. The understanding of the long-term ecosystem research and monitoring process needs to incorporate the four major areas to understand the full potential of the designated approach. The first key area where the progress needs to be made is related to understand the full potential of the long-term ecosystem research progress in terms of assessing the increase in the scope and the variety in the operational range of the study. The second progress must ensure that progress is seen in form of greater integration of research monitoring, modelling, palaeoecological reconstruction which is aimed towards the remote sensing and creation of the broad scale techniques to warn in advance regarding the changes which are expected in the environment. The progress which is to be made in the third area is related to the various types of interdisciplinary approach which focuses on the approaches which are made towards environmental and social science expertise. The third important factor is also seen as important component in understanding the factor responsible for the determination and vulnerability of the natures society system required for the change. The fourth key development area should focus on better usage of long-term ecosystem research and monitoring process to inform the guidance for the sustainability and the guidance required to the policy makers and to the public in general. The two-view framework prepared for the report based on the global change prepared in a report published by Bretherton in the year 1988. The first view was seen as a view was seen as changes in global changes, which took place over thousand to million years, which involved the relevant process related to tracking of the movement and the significant processes such as the changes in the tectonic and variability driver related to the application, of the solar energy. The second view was directly related to understanding of the different type of the concepts was related to the view over the decades to centuries. In this the human activities were viewed as an important source of the changes, which were considered because of the various types of the changes as result of the changes in the human activities over the decades and centuries. The figure given below shown the conceptual model of the functioning system in the times scales used for decades to centuries, in this the human forces are identified. The figure given below rightly identifies the various types of important driving forces, which is required for the different types of the conceptualization process in the subsequent Earth system. Figure 1: Conceptual model of functioning of the earth system (Source: Mooney, Duraiappah, and Larigauderie 2013) For example, at present it has been observed that the two main bodies emphasizing on the international research agenda of social sciences in global change are seen in form of teh existence of the bodies such as International Social Science Council (ISSC) and Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change (IHDP), which is also sponsored by ISSU. It has been observed that both the bodies are involved in making a significant amount of changes related to revising of the different types of programs, which are required for making significant amount of changes required to put an augmented focus on the implementation of the programs to greater degree. This is done to curb the different types of the problems related to the global change research. The main role of the social science is seen in form of the usage and the framing of the questions relevant to the questions and the agendas prepared within the social sciences. It has been seen that social science can contribute by assessment, synthesis and application of different types of the pre applied academic findings related to the relevant topics. It has been further seen that the acknowledgement of the discussion related to the societal change related to the transitional developments, which is aimed towards sustainability, and the various types of the concepts related to green economy. The acknowledgement of the social science is further seen in form of the application of the wide range of techniques which requires broader range of discussions required for the discussions which is to be made in the various types of associated areas with the desired endpoints. The main aim of the study is to know about the issues faced from reviewing of geo- spatial differences in the aerial imagery for the assessment of changes in the land cover change. The study related to the review of the a application and relevance of the findings of vegetation in Australia has further considered the calibration of the vegetation attributes based on the aerial photography, in which the different types of fields, of the study are reviewed in detail. The discussions of the limitations are mainly observed in terms of the recording of the aerial photography in digital format and standardization image contrast and rectification. The main incidences of the issues are observed in terms of the circumvention of the various types of the application of manual techniques. The main problem is observed in terms of the varying degree between the texture of the crowns of the trees and ground remains (Engelbrecht and Kemp 2015). The overall experience has shown that the aerial photography has been able to outperform by radar and assessment stand volumes. The photographs were seen to be outperforming in the radar through the aerial photography in the discrimination in the tree height. The limitations of the potential power of the aerial photography was seen in form of the issues are observed related to the circumvention of the various types of the application of manual techniques. The issues are problem is observed in terms of the varying degree between the texture of the crowns of the trees and ground remains. Although the aerial imagery has shown enormous amount of potential on the assessment of biomass in the specific areas, the implementation cost of such a technique is observed to be relatively expensive. It has been further observed that the algometric model is not observed to be precise enough in depicting the relationship between the difference in the volumes and dimensions which shows the individual difference in the height of the trees. In addition to this the various types of the foresters has taken several initiatives to calibrate manual techniques in order to assess stem densities procured from a large scale photography (Niraula et al.2013). For example, in the year 1987 in was demonstrated by Needham and Smith demonstrated that the net count of the stems in the lobby pine plantations. It was observed to be 1:2750 photographs over estimates field counts by only 1.4% and they were further able to record 81% of the trees and shrubs in the region of the riparian woodlands from 1:10000 ratio of the aerial photography. Another instance of study depicted a smaller scale of the photos with 1:15840 photos found in the overall aerial assessments. The major limitation was observed with aerial assessments with stem density of approximately 10% lesser than the field assessment (Stockdale et al. 2015). In addition to this the impact of limitations of the aerial photography are also seen far beyond the application in the vegetation. The various types of the limitations are also prevalent in areas of sensor media characteristics especially used during the middle of 1860s. The aerial pictures produced after the exposure in the solar energy from the earth are often involved in depicting in a colour infrared (referred to as false colour). In this case the photos closer to light reflected from the scene appears as red, blue appears as black, green as blue and red appears as green. This is particularly detrimental in the analysis of the pattern of growth of diseased vegetation. Due to the changing textures in the photographs, it is often difficult to assess the areas of the healthy vegetation. The changes in the color pattern with relevance to the aforementioned are shown below as follows: Figure 2: Oblique coloured infrared aerial image of Niagara Falls (Source: ERG Information Services 2016) It has been further observed that the main issues with respect to the automated analysis of the texture should be relevant to the application of suitable, procedure related to the application of the procedures. These procedures have been found to be applicable for the identification of the various types of the procedures in order to identify and positioning of the targeted regions within the frame of the study (Fs.fed.us. 2016). The overall analysis of the difficulties of assessing the land covers change using aerial imagery has clearly depicted that the problems are associated with assessing more than the pattern of the vegetation. It has been further observed that the significant implications for the associated are more than scale of images and the issue of contrast differences between images sets. It has been observed that the main issue has been observed in form of recording of the aerial imagery in digital form and standardization of image contrast and rectification. Furthermore, Circumvention of the various types of the application of manual techniques and the varying degree of difference between the texture of the crowns of the trees and ground remains are seen are major problem. In addition to this, the aerial pictures produced after the exposure in the solar energy from the earth are often involved in depicting in a colour infrared (referred to as false colour). References Catalan, J., Pla-Rabs, S., Wolfe, A.P., Smol, J.P., Rhland, K.M., Anderson, N.J., KopÄ ek, J., Stuchlk, E., Schmidt, R., Koinig, K.A. and Camarero, L., 2013. Global change revealed by palaeolimnological records from remote lakes: a review.Journal of Paleolimnology,49(3), pp.513-535. Engelbrecht, J. and Kemp, J., 2015. The use of Landsat and aerial photography for the assessment of coastal erosion and erosion susceptibility in False Bay, South Africa. CONSAS conference. ERG Information Services, P. (2016).Aerial Photographs and Satellite Images. [online] Pubs.usgs.gov. Available at: https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/AerialPhotos_SatImages/aerial.html [Accessed 3 Nov. 2016]. Fs.fed.us. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr802/Vol1/pnw_gtr802vol1_evans.pdf [Accessed 3 Nov. 2016]. Jones, K.B., Zurlini, G., Kienast, F., Petrosillo, I., Edwards, T., Wade, T.G., Li, B.L. and Zaccarelli, N., 2013. Informing landscape planning and design for sustaining ecosystem services from existing spatial patterns and knowledge.Landscape Ecology,28(6), pp.1175-1192. Mooney, H.A., Duraiappah, A. and Larigauderie, A., 2013. Evolution of natural and social science interactions in global change research programs.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,110(Supplement 1), pp.3665-3672. Niraula, R.R., Gilani, H., Pokharel, B.K. and Qamer, F.M., 2013. Measuring impacts of community forestry program through repeat photography and satellite remote sensing in the Dolakha district of Nepal.Journal of environmental management,126, pp.20-29. Stockdale, C.A., Bozzini, C., Macdonald, S.E. and Higgs, E., 2015. Extracting ecological information from oblique angle terrestrial landscape photographs: Performance evaluation of the WSL Monoplotting Tool.Applied Geography,63, pp.315-325. Unfccc.int. (2016). [online] Available at: https://unfccc.int/files/methods_and_science/research_and_systematic_observation/application/pdf/21_rogers,_ihdp_social_sciences_contributions.pdf [Accessed 3 Nov. 2016].

Music Forms That Defined the Baroque Era free essay sample

The end of the renaissance period brought several artists and intellects together to discuss the revival of the Greek drama. Although several forms from the renaissance were still used, the development of new styles evolved, especially In the area of vocal music. Opera, oratorio and the cantata came directly from the theatrical desire to Invoke the emotional awareness of their listeners through singing, while the concerto, sonata and suite gave the listener the ability to feel the conflict and harmony through instruments.Opera was made possible by the singing of poetic texts with a plot like function, achieving a distinctive advancement in the baroque musical scene. Its development was a step forward to the expanding music scene and gave a new view on the dramatic texts with musical enhancement. Opera is a drama that is sung with the accompaniment of instruments. Operas often have a long type speech that moves the plot along and expresses the characters feelings and emotions at specific points in the action. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Forms That Defined the Baroque Era or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first operas were often taken from Greek myth, recreating the drama and music of the ancient culture. Two sub-genres of opera were developed In the early 18th century: opera serial and opera buffo. Opera seen focused more on the object matter while opera buffo used duets, trios and larger ensembles and were notably lighter and often comedic tones. The word oratorio originally meant prayer hall, a building adjacent to the church. The musical genre of the oratorio emerged in the late 16th century and focused on the subject of religious texts.Oratorios, unlike operas, perform without costumes, scenery or action and are often divided into two distinctive parts. Popular composers of the oratorio are J. S. Bach, Antonio Vivaldi, and George Frederic Handel. The cantata, in early history confused with oratorio, consists of recitatives and set ices which Include arias, duets and choruses often In religious context. The cantata, Like the opera, contains scenery and movement but also has dialogue. By the end of the 17th century cantatas were often accompanied by orchestras.Popular composers of the cantata are J. S. Bach, Lug Rossi, and George Frederic Handel. The sonata, often used as chamber music, can consist of one, two or three instruments, usually violins, a treble instrument and a bass instrument. They usually contain four movements which alternate between fast and slow tempos. In the 18th century instruments such as the organ and harpsichord were rising in the solo mantas. Popular composers of the sonata are J. S. Bach, Alexandra Scarlatti, and George Frederic Handel. During the baroque era the concerto took on several forms. They could consist of a simple composition that Included voices, instruments or a combination of both, sacred works for voices and instruments, and Instrumental soloists or groups with an orchestra. Popular composers of the concerto are J. S. Bach, Antonio Vivaldi, and George Frederic Handel. Antonio Vivaldi, the most notable composer of the solo concerto, wrote approximately 350 concertos and standardized the three movement form, which consists of two fast and one slow movement. Nor for instruments. The suite is basically a two part series of dances in the same key and can consist of three to twelve movements.

The Future of Matrimony †Sociology Research Paper

The Future of Matrimony – Sociology Research Paper Free Online Research Papers The Future of Matrimony Sociology Research Paper â€Å"†¦to have and to hold, from this day forward, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness or in health, to love and to cherish till death do us part’†¦.† Wedding bells are ringing. The big day is finally here. As the soon-to-be husband and wife, bound together by love, prepare to walk down the aisle, they truly believe that this would be their first and only wedding. The two couples are bounded together by love, hope, expectations, and dreams that inspire almost all marriages. Lovers that enter marriage envision dreams of what their new life will bring them. The thought of marriage not working, never crossed their mind. They both believed marriage would be â€Å"till death do us part† and that their significant other will be there for one another through thick and thin. Unfortunately, for many young lovers who got married early, this does not hold true. Back in the 1950s, women had no choice but to marry. Women were forced to wed in order to achieve some form of economic stability – while simultaneously embarking on a lifetime of subservient bondage. Because women were viewed as inferior to men, they were to always remain at home. A woman’s main function was to produce offspring and manage household chores while their husbands tended to public affairs. This made marriage not so different from slavery and prostitution. In those days, wives were expected to be subservient to their husbands, leaving little room for romance and love to develop, even simple acts of affection was not necessary. Instead, the husbands would turn to prostitutes and concubines to satisfy their sexual needs, while the sole purpose of having sex at home was to just produce babies. Men wanted to create a legacy. At its most fundamental level, marriage was created for the purpose of raising children. Today, many of these pragmatic motivation s no longer apply. A man no longer expects a wife to devote herself full-time to his care and upkeep, and a woman no longer needs a man to pay her way. By the twentieth century, when capitalism firmly took hold and people no longer had to marry to secure their financial future, marriage changed. Divorce rates largely rose alongside the rise of capitalism, as growth and opportunity gave individuals the ability to survive financially outside the household economy. By 1924, one in seven marriages ended in a divorce. Divorce, something that was once unheard of, was now hailed as fresh alternative for the troubled women who were financially dependent and trapped. For battered women, and for the loveless couples, divorce was considered to be a healthy, rejuvenating response to marriages that were often viewed as â€Å"sick, lifeless or dead.† Divorce was believed to set them free, and finally make them happy again. It was â€Å"okay† to divorce, to be free, to listen to your heart and do what you need to for the sake of your own personal happiness because you deserve it. With the widespread introduction of the Pill, the sexual revolution, the feminist movements, plus the freedoms celebrated by the â€Å"Me Generation†, it demonstrated to women in their twenties that they did not have to marry, that is, marriage was unnecessary for a life of a happiness. Although the average age of women entering marriage has not significantly changed over the past one hundred years, what have changed though, are the attitudes surrounding marriage. In 1890 women had few options, they were forced to enter into marriage in their twenties, but today, with the benefits formed by the women’s movement and with the economy advancing, women now not only have the choice to marry but also not to nonetheless. Modern day women now have the freedom to want whatever it is they choose to want because it is their God-given right as opposed to being forced. For both sexes even, men and women today marry because they can and want – not because they must. A 1977 New York magazine â€Å"Early to Wed,† explains why young women and men today overwhelmingly believe in marriage and in marrying relatively young. One popular theory suggested that we are witnessing a search for stability in an era of instability (Sarah Bernard, â€Å"Early to Wed,† New York, 16 June 1997, P.38). â€Å"In the United States, the twenties are the picture-perfect decade for saying I do. The farther you stray from that magic era, the more freakish you start to feel. An article in a 1998 issue of the Journal of Family Issues confirms that being unmarried in your thirties can be bad for you state of mind because you feel like an outcast.†(Megan Fitzmorris McCafferty, â€Å"When Should You Marry,† Cosmopolitan, August 1999, p.238) But the younger you marry, the more likely you are to divorce. People are getting divorced as quickly as they are getting married. A 2001 survey by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that one in five first-marriage divorces occur within the first five years (Matthew D. Bramlett and William D. Mosher, â€Å"First Marriage Dissolution, Divorce and Remarriage: United States,† advance data, 31 May 2001, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 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Working women more likely to seek divorce Research Paper

Working women more likely to seek divorce - Research Paper Example me than their husbands will be less tolerant to low-quality marriage and, therefore, the divorce rates in this section of the society would be higher. Various possible reasons for divorce like age, employment status, education level, wage and salary have been taken into consideration for the purpose of the study. Since the dependent variable in the study is dichotomous, probit regression has been used. The odds ratio has been calculated and analyzed for each of the stated variables. Since time immemorial, the man of the house has been considered as the bread earner for the family while the woman has been assigned the task of managing the household chores. However, over the years there has been a definite rise in the number of women constituting the country’s labor force. There are two schools of thought women’s participation in the workforce. While one view, backed by empirical studies, suggests that this increased participation of women in workforce has led to increase in divorce rates, the other school of thought opines that there is no material impact on divorce rates by such participation. People who subscribe to the latter view contend that women adjust their working hours and balance their personal and professional lives to avoid incidence of divorce. The study aims to check if working women who have an income equivalent or more than their husbands’ tend to become so broadminded that they shun a low-quality marriage. Thus, the divorce rates in this section would be higher. There is empirical evidence that suggests that once a woman leaves the threshold of the house and ventures out to work, it reduces the efficiency on the household front. At the same time, her employment bestows on her financial independence (Becker 1981). This study established that if the woman felt that the time spent by her at home was practically of no value, she would go in for a job. Becker, in his study, compared the age and wage rate profiles of men and women and carried

Emergency Management Case summary Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Emergency Management summary - Case Study Example There are many disaster management agencies all over the world. Examples include government based emergency management agencies such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in the United States of America and non-governmental organizations include UN Agencies and the Red Cross. This paper focuses on the Great East Japan Earthquake and the emergency management process following its occurrence. This earthquake, also referred to as the Great Tohoku Earthquake, occurred in the Northeastern part of Japan off the coast of Honshu and led to a myriad of losses in property and life. Japan is one of the most calamity prone countries accounting for about 20.5% of global earthquakes measuring a magnitude of 6 and above. This arises from several contributing factors that make the country’s topographic, geographic and climatic conditions unfavorable. Japan sits on the intersection of three continental plates; the Eurasian, Pacific and the Philippine Sea plates. The stress resulting from the collision and subsequent grinding of these plates against each other leads to the buildup of significant seismic pressure that in turn contributes to seismic and volcanic activity. As a result of this, Japan contributes to about 7% of the world’s volcanic activity in addition to the numerous earthquakes that occur. In addition to this, the country often experiences adverse meteorological conditions in the form of typhoons that cause extreme storms, high tides and flooding (Nazarov, 2011). In the 1940s, Japan adopted various emergency management legislations that governed the preparation, mitigation, response and recovery phases of disaster management processes. The Flood Control Act of 1949 regulates river and flood management while the Disaster Relief Act of 1947 dictates the provision of essential disaster relief by emergency management stakeholders. The

Changing Scene Of Healthcare Adminstration

Changing Scene Of Healthcare Adminstration This paper will focus on the changing scene of the healthcare environment. The health care industry is a challenging and gruesome environment. Healthcare providers must ensure that patients are provided with the best care. There are many challenges that managers face in an environment that change on a daily basis. Healthcare managers must be ready to face take on these changes so that their organizations maintains a competitive edge. Organizations continue to pursue new challenges so that they can compete in the global marketplace, they often conclude that multidisciplinary teams are needed to develop innovative products and services and respond to customers interested in a broad range of products and services (Liebler McConnell, 2008). When a manager is taking on a new task of managing split departments he or she must be able to lead and communicate effectively. A lack of communication can be the main cause a manager fails in their new role. Multidisciplinary teams provide a structure for bringing together employees with the diverse technical backgrounds needed for these tasks. The increasing popularity of team-based organizational structures reflects the widely shared belief that teamwork offers the potential to achieve outcomes that could not be achieved by individuals working in isolation (Liebler McConnell, 2008). Healthcare managers that are in charge of split departments must determine what goals the department will need to meet. This can be done through carefully analyzing the specific attributes and qualities of the department. Senior level managers should establish team leaders that can ensure department employees have the necessary resources they need to accomplish the mission. As they restructure around multidisciplinary teams, however, many organizations are discovering that teams do not always produce the desired results. Even when teams fulfill their potential, team members and their organizations may experience unanticipated negative side-effects, such as unproductive conflict and high turnover (Liebler McConnell, 2008). Below is a list of task and responsibility that split level department managers will need to conduct, due to changes within the organization. Approving more time cards Conducting a larger number of performance appraisals Providing senior employees with leadership responsibilities over teams Establishing a diverse environment Setting performance measures for the employees to meet Creating new performance standards Creating new position descriptions Creating a travel schedule so that management can visit employees at other facilities. Healthcare managers conduct the following task listed above on a daily basis and these task will change when the new managers is responsible for multidisciplinary departments. The managers will have to understand the basic foundation of each specialty that he or she is responsibility within their department. Employees will need to receive diversity training on an annual or semi-annual term. Managers will need to determine ways in which grievances can be solved without disrupting the work-flow of the organization. The main goal is for a split department manager to achieve is to ensure the mission and the objectives of the organization is achieved while maintain customer and patient satisfaction. What does this split-department situation do to your efficiency as a manager and how can you compensate for this change? A manager that is new to operating a split-department can have a low efficiency rate at first. The reason being is that the manager might not understand his or her new role and responsibility. Managers will need to undergo transitional training. This training can be for a month, so that when the new manager takes over their new role, they have a clear understanding of the requirements; they will need to be successful in the new position. The efficiency of the department can also be determined by the number of supervisors the employee reports too. In many cases, when there is more than one manager, giving the employee guidance on task it can become confusing for the employee and may lead to a deficiency in work performance. Unity of command is increasingly regarded as something of a theoretical ideal in that in many instances it is being abandoned in favor of split-reporting relationships in which a single subordinate reports to two or more superiors (Jacobs, Smith, Street, 2006). The ability to maintain a split department that has a high efficiency rate will be based on the managerà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s communication and leadership skills. Managers who do not communicate with their employees will never witness high efficiency levels within their department. Newly appointed split department managers will have to deal with resistance. Resistance to change will never be completely eliminated. In many cases employees will need to be flexible and adapt to change as change occurs within the organization. It is critical that managers have full knowledge and understanding of what is happening and why it is happening are the strongest forces the manager can bring to bear on the problems of resistance to change. On what specific management skill should the newly appointed split department manager be concentrating? A newly appointed split department manager must possess excellent communication skills. Communication skills are critical in a healthcare organization. Effective communication is about sending a message to a receiver that is clear and understandable. When the receiver does not understand the message being sent the task being requested cannot be successful completed. Communication in the healthcare environment is critical and can be the determination of life and death for a patient. When information is not passed along correctly patient may receive the wrong prescription or they may have surgery performed on the wrong site. It is important that managers inform employees of the importance of providing accurate and clear communication. In a recent survey of recruiters from companies with more than 50,000 employees, communication skills were cited as the single more important decisive factor in choosing managers. The survey, conducted by the University of Pittsburghà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s Katz Business School, points out that communication skills, including written and oral presentations, as well as an ability to work with others, are the main factor contributing to job success (Mulrennan, 2010). Case: In need of improvement Operating deficiencies can deter the progress of the organization. It is critical that managers identify problems as they occur so that they can be resolved at the lowest level. The reason for the massive restructure is so that the department can account for items that are being provided. The following measures listed below will be implemented immediately and management will work as a team to ensure these measures happen in a timely manner. The next re-evaluation of the department will be conducted in 30 days. The following measures will be taken in order to improve the current structure of the department. A justification will be written as to why another processing aide is needed. The current work load will be analyzed to determine whether the justification for another processor is appropriate. An inventory management program that is replicated from the department of veteran affairs regulations will be created. Only a 30 day inventory level will be maintained in stock. The inventory specialist and the manager will conduct an inventory every month. Appropriate re-order levels will be set so that items will not complete run out. Management will develop a plan for organizing the current work environment so that space can be utilized effectively. Once the new guidelines are implemented, managers must monitor the implementation of the change to ensure it will work long-term. A new work method, dependent for its success on willing adoption by individual employees, can be introduced in a burst of enthusiasm only to die of its own weight as the novelty wears off and old habits return. New habits are not easily formed, and the employees need all the help the manager can furnish through conscientious follow-up (Liebler McConnell, 2008). Classic management functions Manager at all levels have five basic management functions that they must follow in order to successful operate an organization. These functions have been used for many years and have enable managers to be successful. When these functions are used incorrectly organizations will suffer from lack of productivity. Planning is the first management function. This is a critical function and involves developing the mission and what goals the organization is going to accomplish. Managers must plan for the success of the organization by evaluating all areas of the organization. Through this evaluation managers will be able to determine what areas are weak and strong. An example of planning would be when healthcare managers are moving an entire department to another floor. Managers will need to plan the move with engineering and IT so that work stations and furniture gets moved to the correct location (Marquis, Huston, 2008). Planning the move of an entire department will require constant communication on the immediate supervisorà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s part. He or she will need to keep employees constantly informed on the status of the move. Organizing is the second management function. Mangers will need to use the organizing function when trying to plan effectively. When managers are planning to move one department to another floor, they must create a timeline so that the move will be organized according to a schedule. This timeline will provide employees with a start and end date of the move. Manager can also organize a schedule on what section will be moving first and who will be moving last. Staffing is the third management function. It requires filling and keeping filled with qualified people all positions in the business. Recruiting, hiring, training, evaluating and compensating are the specific activities included in the function (Marquis, Huston, 2008). Managers will need to ensure they are interviewing and hiring qualified candidates for the positions they have vacant. An example of staffing is when a logistic manager is conducting performance appraisals on his or her employees. Managers who conduct performance appraisal will be keeping employees informed on the progress they have been making while working for the organization. Directing is the fourth management function and requires influencing peoples behavior through motivation, communication, group dynamics, leadership and discipline. It is critical that managers have excellent leadership and communication skills. Senior level managers who have the responsibility of directing junior mangers will need to communicate with them on a regular basis, so those employees are aware of the organizations status. Healthcare managers can also provide leadership training to those mid-level managers who might be having a difficult time leading and communicating with their employees. The purpose of directing is to channel the behavior of all personnel to accomplish the organizations mission and objectives while simultaneously helping them accomplish their own career objectives. An example of directing is when a team leader directs their subordinate to accomplish a task within a specific timeframe. In order for the manger to be successful with direct leadership authority they must provide the employees with the necessary resources they will need to accomplish the mission. Controlling is the fifth management function. Managers can develop performance standards in order to implement this function. Controlling is a four-step process of establishing performance standards based on the firms objectives, measuring and reporting actual performance, comparing the two, and taking corrective or preventive action as necessary. Managers are responsible for controlling the daily operations of their departments. In many cases when an employee cannot control a problem from erupting they will normally involve their manager. All managers must have the capability of solving problems that may arise within the organization. Since planning is an active pursuit, how can doing nothing be indicative of planning to fail? Managers are required to plan for worst case scenarios. When managers do not plan for the problems they may foresee in the future they have set the organization up for failure. The reason being is that when these problems occur managers will not know how to handle or solve the problems. Therefore the problem will escalate and may eventually cause harm on the organizations operations. What is one legitimate example of organizing that the department manager may never encounter or may perhaps encounter only once in a great while? And one example of organizing that the department manager may employ multiple times in a normal workday? The department manager may have to organize an event that will allow multiple disciplines to come together and work on their customer service or team building skills. An example of organizing that the department manager may employ multiple times in a normal workday is when a manager organizes the employeeà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s workload for that day or the next day. What is the management function most closely associated with teaching, guiding, and motivating workers? Directing is the management function that is closely associated with teaching, guiding and motivating others. It is important that managers provide guidance and direction over their employees so that the daily task of the organization can be accomplished in a timely manner. In conclusion the healthcare industry is constantly changing. Healthcare managers must train their employees to adapt to change so that productivity can continue to increase. The five management functions that were explained earlier can be used to strengthen any organization from the ground up. Communication and leadership skills are essential if managers are going to succeed in training and maintain a workforce that can satisfy patients and employees.

Creation vs. Evolution :: essays research papers

Origins Missing Links   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people in the world have claimed to find these missing links between animal and man. These finds are said to support evolution, but in turn all they do is put evolution down. Several examples of missing links are, Piltdown man, Neanderthal man, Australopithecus, and Homo Erectus. All of these missing links have been proven false, and as hoaxes. One point for creation. Shrinking Sun   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scientist today have noticed something about our sun. The sun seems to be shrinking. Based on this information scientists can actually measure how much the sun has shrunk. This means that they can tell how big the sun would have been at any certain time. So take the argument from evolutionists that the earth is billions of years old. When scientists calculate this, the sun would have swallowed the earth. One more point for creation. Moon Dust   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scientists have also found something as a result of our travels to the moon. They have noticed that the moon collects dust from outer space. They have found the rate at which the dust accumulates on the moon. So they now can tell that the moon is relatively young, because if it were billions of years old there would be a lot more dust on the moon than there is right now. Evolutionists have slipped up and said that the earth and moon are about the same age. So this pushes them into a corner once again. Creation three, Evolution zero. Magnetic Field   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scientists have realized that the magnetic poles loose strength every so often. They know the rate in which the magnetic strength decays, so they now can predict what it used to have been at any given point in time. So the said what if the earth was billions of years old, what would the magnetic field look like. Well it would be so strong that we would suck almost everything into us, somewhat like the sun. Once again Creation is greater than Evolution. Mutations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There was a Dutchman named Hugo DeVries who found something interesting one day. He found a flower that had mutated. All of the Evolutionists went crazy over this and thought that this was their big breakthrough as to how life evolved. But scientists refute this claim because they can find no incident where a mutation is good. Every mutation that they have come across has hurt or damaged the organism. They describe a process called natural selection.

Mediated Modes of Communication and Its Impact to Society

As we bask into the Information Age, human communication is ongoing and transforming to become more interactive and accessible. As we all know, communication is dynamic, ongoing, ever-changing, and continuous. Simple communication entails the message being sent and the receiver perceives and accepts the message. Communication models find their origins in Greek antiquity. Aristotle recognized the speaker, speech, and audience as communication components. Five hundred years before Christ, the Greek philosopher Heraclitus, observed that â€Å"a man (or woman) can never step into the river twice. The man (or woman) is different and so is the river† (Gortner et al. 1997, p. 36). Change and continuity are intertwined—as men or women step into the river—in a process of actions which flow through the ages. Communication is a process and flows like a stream through time. It is indubitable that technology has brought about gargantuan impacts to the past modes of communication, be it formal and informal. In an era of faxes, computers, and photocopying machines, communication challenges will emerge that are even more complex, demanding, and technical. Moreover, cell phones, e-mail, and telephone answering machines contribute to the narrowing of the gulf between formal and informal communication distinctions. Anthropologists already have researched on the relationship of conventional forms of verbal interaction and those mediated by new technologies such as the Internet, satellite transmissions, and cell phones. Crystal (2001) had revealed that the Internet constituted a new frontier in human social interaction on par with the inventions of the telephone and telegraph, and even print and broadcast technologies. Scholars of language use, language change, and ideologies of language must surely explore and interrogate the effects of these technologies on traditional modes of communication, the impact of our new capacity to communicate instantly anywhere in the world, and the meaning of language contact as it is taking place in cyberspace. Most of these technologies, notwithstanding constant new advances in computer-mediated graphics, are text or voice based. Thus, â€Å"if the Internet is a revolution, therefore, it is likely to be a linguistic revolution† (Crystal 2001, p. viii). Many observers allege that the Internet is changing society. Perhaps not surprisingly, given the novelty of the new digital media, there is little agreement about what those changes are. It is believed that it is important for sociologists to address these issues for three reasons. First, the medium’s rapid growth offers a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for scholars to test theories of technology diffusion and media effects during the early stages of a new medium's diffusion and institutionalization. Second, the Internet is unique because it integrates both different modalities of communication (reciprocal interaction, broadcasting, individual reference-searching, group discussion, person/machine interaction) and different kinds of content (text, video, visual images, audio) in a single medium. This versatility renders plausible claims that the technology w ill be implicated in many kinds of social change, perhaps more deeply than television or radio. Finally, choices are being made–systems developed, money invested, laws passed, regulations promulgated–that will shape the system's technical and normative structure for decades to come. Many of these choices are based on behavioral assumptions about how people and the Internet interact (Dimaggio, Hargittai, Neuman & Robinson, 2001, p. 307). As these technological innovations are revolutionizing information and entertainment delivery, these technology-mediated modes of communication have affected the transformation of people’s social lives and behaviors, even political institutions and the role of citizens within them. As people argue that the new technology of short messaging system (SMS), email, online discussions, on-demand information, and web-powered information diffusion and interest aggregation will lead to a more informed, engaged, and influential mass public. With this, will we live in a better informed and connected, more engaged and participatory society—or in a society of lonely ex-couch potatoes glued to computer screens, whose human contacts are largely impersonal and whose political beliefs are easily manipulated, relying on the icons of a wired or wireless society? Fact is that, Erbring and Lutz (2005) have indicated that when people spend more time using the Internet, the more they lose contact with their social environment. They cited a study that this effect is noticeable even with people using just 2-5 Internet hours per week; and it rises substantially for those spending more than 10 hours per week, of whom up to 15 percent report a decrease in social activities. Even more striking is the fact that Internet users spend much less time talking on the phone to friends and family: the percentage reporting a decrease exceeds 25 percent—although it is unclear to what extent this represents a shift to email even in communicating with friends and family or a technical bottleneck due to a single phone line being pre-empted by Internet use. Because of the accessibility of the new modes of communication, people have used these as tools to avoid confrontation that is emphasized in face-to-face communication. In fact, in   UAE and in Malaysia, cell phones have been used to end marriages by SMS-ing â€Å"Talaq, Talaq, Talaq† (â€Å"Divorce, Divorce, Divorce†). But then, this is not the first time technology has been used in officially terminating a relationship. Earlier, it was telephonic, postal and telegram divorces; now there are divorce via e-mail and SMS. Technology has changed the way people are courting, getting married and yes, also the way they are separating. â€Å"If people are meeting and dating on the Internet, why not divorces?† says Anuradha Pratap, principal of Al-Ameen Management College in Bangalore, India. â€Å"If weddings can take place using technology, why not divorce?† asked Ayesha Banu, a Bangalore resident. â€Å"There were telephone weddings nearly two decades ago. It’s only the technology that has changed, everything else has remained the same† (Kiran, 2 June 2003). On the other hand, Halliday (1990) noted that â€Å"when new demands are made on language †¦ [and when] we are making language work for us in ways it never had to do before, it will have to become a different language in order to cope† (p. 82). It is arguable that technology-based media present new demands which have the potential of promoting variations in language use Perhaps, the demands are not novel in itself, but it is rather the blurring, the amalgamation, of previous demands which may result in linguistic variations. Take, for instance, computer communication systems which have placed demands, often associated with spoken language, on the production of written language. This reassignment is most observable in synchronous computer-mediated communication such as MOOs (MUD Object Oriented), MUDs (Multi-User Domain), and Chat. While the language takes on a written form, it is constrained by temporal limitations which require immediate responses. Conversely, this type of synchronous communication, which can be considered an essentially oral language (Collot & Belmore, 1996), is also constrained by norms — including spelling and grammar norms — most often associated with written language. For example in SMS, people usually shorten their message to hasten the process. Like sending the message â€Å"Are you going to the party tonight?† would be shortened to â€Å"R U GOING 2 THE PARTY TONYT?† Indeed, grammar and spelling would be gravely affected, just to facilitate the convenience of a faster communication process. However, from a perspective of language change multimodal forms of communication, such as emails, text messages and chat rooms, are essentially new forms of communication. As used here the term ‘multimodal' refers to the way that texts use devices from a range of different communication systems at the same time. So, for example, you can send an email message to six of your friends simultaneously; previously you could only do this through speaking to them as a group. In other words writing takes on a characteristic which once belonged to speech only (Beard, 2004, p. 44). Emails are usually message exchanges between a pair of named individuals communicating on a single issue, chat-groups usually involve several people: they can be anonymous or use a pseudonym; their communication can be of an indefinite length; and they can cover a wide range of topics. Crystal (2001) uses the term ‘asynchronous' to describe groups where ‘postings' are placed on ‘boards' and ‘synchronous' to describe groups who ‘chat' in real time. The terms 'email' and ‘text message' both suggest a written form, but the terms ‘chat-room/ chat-group' suggest a form of talk; a form of talk – chat – that is traditionally seen as social rather than serious in its content. Although the terminology that labels new communication genres draws upon the traditional binary opposites of speaking/writing (mail/ chat), it is not very helpful to see such texts as products of these opposites. Instead each of the genres has its own unique methods of communication, and then each of the texts produced within the genre has its own specific context. So, for example, the idea of turn-taking, which is crucial to many kinds of vocalized talk, is achieved in very different ways in chat-groups. The acts of reading, thinking, replying and sending the reply, which is not necessarily received instantly, is being undertaken by each of the participants at the same time. This inevitably leads to a dislocation of the exchange in a way that does not happen with emails and text messages. Yet, participants within the process are well able to manage this complicated exercise in pragmatics. Another aspect of pragmatics involves the fact that whereas in face-to-face group conversation your presence is still registered, even if you are silent, this is more problematic in chat-groups. As Crystal (2001) notes: â€Å"in chatgroups silence is ambiguous: it may reflect a deliberate withholding, a temporary inattention, or a physical absence (without signing off)†. Indeed, technology is crucial in the development of the information highway that would link every home to a fiber-optic network over which voice, data, television, and other services would be transmitted. The internet’s architecture is determined by an informal group of U.S.-based software and computer engineers. The internet’s global scope and electronic commerce’s growth make its management an international policy issue. Analysts and government believe a hands-off approach is best (Cukier 1998, p. 39-41). People and organizations determine the course of the future, not computers. As a form of communication, the internet can be used by individuals, private corporations, and government agencies for good or bad, but it cannot influence the direction our society chooses to take. The internet only reflects the society that created it. The development and use of the telegraph and telephone provide a definitive pattern for how the newest form of networked communication, the internet, will be used in the future (Nye, Fall 1997). The lack of accountability and civility have increased as the anonymity in U.S. society has increased, states newspaper columnist Ellen Goodman. She cites the anonymous zones of talk radio and cyberspace among the fox holes for people who want to say anything and everything with impunity (Goodman, 5 September 1996). Despite the downside of the information highway, internet access has made communication between local government and citizens much easier nationwide. Public records access, personnel postings, permit applications, and legislative updates are available online in dozens of cities and counties (Bowser January 1998, p. 36). The technology of the internet may afford the masses access to much more information and many more options. So, internet technology is neither evil nor good. â€Å"Thanks to the internet and satellite TV, the world is being wired together technologically, but not socially, politically, or culturally,† concluded New York Times columnist Thomas L. Friedman (12 May 2001). â€Å"We are now seeing and hearing one another faster and better, but with no corresponding improvement in our ability to learn from, or understand, one another. So integration, at this stage, is producing more anger than anything else.† The new modes of communication educate people faster than any previous technology the world has known. However, the internet can just as easily infiltrate the minds of millions with lies, half-truths, and hatreds. Friedman (12 May 2001) deemed that â€Å"the internet, at its ugliest, is just an open sewer: an electronic conduit for untreated, unfiltered information.† The internet and satellite TV may inflame emotions and cultural biases, resulting in less understanding and tolerance. Government programs are built on political consensus. Legislation is enacted for the long term. Compromises are based on education, exchanges, diplomacy, and human interaction. However, due to the lack of face-to-face context and the lack of interactional coherence in e-mail and SMS, people need to be more explicit and concise in order to make their message as well as the purpose transparent to their audience, especially in initiated, not responsive, messages. If the message is not explicit enough, the receiver may not be able to provide an optimal response, or the message may turn into a lengthy sequenced exchange before a desired response is obtained. Thus, language use and structure are greatly affected but the intention remains the same. With the fear of the deterioration of language through these new technologies, it is only right that people should still be educated appropriately with regards to the correct structure and use language, so that they will not be confused when they utilize the normal modes of communication. Technology should enhance how society behaves and interact and not the other way around. Works Cited Beard, Adrian. Language Change. London: Routledge, 2004. Bowser, Brandi. Opening the Window to Online Democracy: www.localgovernment. com, American City & County 113.1 (January 1998): 36–38. Collot, M. and N. Belmore . Electronic Language: A New Variety of English. In S. C. Herring (Ed.), Computer-Mediated Communication: Linguistic, Social and Cross-Cultural Perspectives (pp. 13-28). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1996. Crystal, David. Language and the Internet. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2001. Cukier, Kenneth. Who Runs the Internet? World Press Review, 45.5 (May 1998): 39–41. Dimaggio, Paul, Eszter Hargittai, W. Russell Neuman, and John P. Robinson. Social Implications of the Internet. Annual Review of Sociology (2001): 307. Friedman, Thomas L. Global Village Idiocy, The New York Times, (May 12, 2002). Goodman, Ellen. Anonymity Breeds Incivility, Boston Globe, (September 5, 1996):17A. Gortner, Harold F., Julianne Mahler, and Jeanne Bell Nicholson, Organization Theory: A Public Perspective, 2nd ed. (Fort Worth, Tex.: Harcourt Brace, 1997), pp. 135–141. Halliday, M. A. K. Spoken and Written Language. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1990. Kiran, Jyothi. SMS Divorces, Women’s Feature Service. (June 2, 2003). Nie, Norman H. and Erbring, Lutz. â€Å"Internet Use Decreases Social Interaction.† The Internet. Ed. James D. Torr. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2005. Nye, David E. Shaping Communication Networks: Telegraph, Telephone, Computer, Social Research, 64.3 (Fall 1997): 1067–1092.

Analysis Of Rudyard Kipling s The White Man s Burden /...

It was 1899 when poet and author Rudyard Kipling issued his famous call to â€Å"Take up the White Man s burden / Send forth the best ye breed† (290). Kipling thought that the culture of predominantly white, Western nations, such as America and England, was superior to foreign cultures. He was an admirer of British imperialism in India, and was a strong advocate for America’s involvement in the Philippines. Kipling earnestly believed that foreign peoples would benefit from the forceful introduction of American culture. This position has, of course, proven to be heavily misguided, and the damaging effects of colonialism are still being felt today in the Global South. The cultural conversion advocated by Kipling, however, did not end as†¦show more content†¦The word imperialism has always denoted a system of imbalanced power, in which one group dominates another; this holds true for cultural imperialism. Processes of cultural imperialism must prompt societies to â€Å"correspond to, or even promote, the values and structures of the dominating centre of the system† (Schiller 9). Today, the center of the system is formed by post-industrial Western nations such as the United States. Thus, if a cultural system routinely causes foreign societies to align their values and norms with Western institutions, it is likely imperialist in nature. If the internet meets all three of these criteria, it can be reasonably described as a technology of cultural imperialism. As a greater number of people gain access to the internet, it becomes a more effective instrument of imperialism, and today it fits decisively into the category of cultural imperialism. The internet is filled with cultural products of almost all types. It can be used to access text, images, music, and videos on almost any topic. In this way the internet represents the most massive and efficient delivery system of cultural products that has existed to date. Access to this massive repository has had a substantial impact on cultures worldwide. Especially among young people, the internet is causing a shift away from traditional norms and values. In East India, many youths with internet access are opting to forego their culture’s standard arranged marriages. It is also becomingShow MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesLeadership Chapter 2 Organization Strategy and Project Selection 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 1.4.1 Managing the portfolio 1.4.3 Strategy and projects 2.3 Stakeholders and review boards 12.1 RFP’s and vendor selection (.3.4.5) 11.2.2.6 SWAT analysis 6.5.2.7 Schedule compression 9.4.2.5 Leadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management Chapter 11 Teams Chapter 3 Organization: Structure and Culture 2.4.1 Organization cultures [G.7] 2.4.2 Organization structure